Researchers demonstrate a novel method for transforming continuous time crystals into discrete ones using subharmonic injection locking, offering new insights into ...

As an extension of the discrete-time case, this note investigates the variance of the total cumulative reward for continuous-time Markov reward chains with finite state spaces. The results correspond ...

This paper examines the consequences of alternative formalizations of dynamic models. All dynamic models analyze change over time. But the change can either be assumed to occur continuously--and hence ...

For any symmetry in a Hamiltonian system, its spontaneous breaking in the ground state leads to a phase transition 11. The broken symmetry itself can assume many different forms. For example, the ...

Physicists have shown that Markov processes, widely used to model complex systems, must unfold over a larger space than previously assumed. Scientists believe that time is continuous, not discrete -- ...